In other words, a perfect storm is created by the complex interlinkages of different natural and anthropogenic events and processes. Heat-waves mixed with drought conditions can trigger intense wildfires that cause high levels of air pollution from burning forests and hazardous chemicals, such as the dioxins from burning plastics, as well as water pollution from the flame retardants used to fight the fires leaking into waterways, drinking water and marine systems. People and assets around the world are being exposed to a growing mixture of hazards and risks, in places and to an extent previously unrecorded. The GAR has never been exhaustive in its coverage of hazard and while GAR19 makes an effort to be comprehensive, there are and always will be sections that stand to be enriched in future iterations. This GAR does include many hazards that have never been covered before, including biological risk, chemical and industrial, environmental, NATECH and nuclear/radiological. Furthermore, inasmuch as this GAR seeks to pay due respect to the expanded scope of hazards in the Sendai Framework there are hazards this report has previously covered that are not represented - notably, wind and storm. Facing that challenge, it must be acknowledged that: (a) the truth can be complicated and (b) some readers will be disappointed that the focus of this section is not on presenting probable maximum loss (PML) and average annual loss (AAL) figures. While the GAR may never again produce individual risk metric figures for countries, this GAR is intended to give as true a picture of risk as possible. ![]() In investigating the dynamic interconnected nature of risk, it calls for the imperative to develop new ways of thinking, living and working together that recognise the nature of systems. Furthermore, it considers an expanded list of hazards including human-made hazards and natural hazards that have been historically difficult to represent. In addition to expanding the scope of hazards under consideration beyond natural hazards, the Sendai Framework has called for recognition of the impact on and role to play for local, regional, national and global actors, and for a richer understanding of exposure and vulnerability. This part will outline developments related to understanding of risk since the publication of GAR15. Openness solves many challenges, but there are still challenges to producing and communicating good risk information. While there will be holdouts to this movement, trends in technology and data science suggest they will be increasingly in the minority. The march towards openness, collaboration, interchange and cooperation has momentum. The shift towards open source and open data has provided a foundation for greater collaboration on a global scale within hazard communities and across hazard science. The democratization of risk information empowers individuals, communities and governments to draw conclusions and influence their own exposure and vulnerability. Most hazard sciences now use open source tools and are part of a larger movement promoting the widespread use of sharing open data. In addition, the Sendai Framework has expanded the range of hazards to be considered. In the period since GAR15, the hazard community has shifted away from a focus on individual hazards and broadened its scope to examine more complex, real scenarios that acknowledge the likelihood of one hazard eventually leading to another (cascading hazard), or multiple hazards crossing in either time and/or space creating an even larger disaster. This growth in population has resulted in an increase in economic losses due to natural hazards from $14 billion annually to more than $140 billion between 19. ![]() Ten years from the publication of this GAR, the world population is projected to exceed 8 billion, and by 2055, more than 10 billion. ![]() The term "risk" has different meanings: (a) as a synonym for probability of a harmful effect occurring and (b) as a synonym for the mathematical expectation of the magnitude of the undesirable consequence (even as a quasi-synonym of consequence, whereby risk has a similar meaning to undesirable outcome).
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